Sanja IVČEVIĆ
DIJELOVI OPREME RIMSKOG VOJNIKA IZ GARDUNA
COMPONENTS OF ROMAN MILITARY EQUIPMENT FROM
GARDUN
UDK 904(497.5-37 Trilj):904-034]”652”
904(497.5-37 Trilj):355.66”652”
Primljeno/Received: 28. 09. 2004.
Prihvaćeno/Accepted: 10. 10. 2005.
Sanja Ivčević
Arheološki muzej u Splitu
Zrinsko-Frankopanska 25
HR 21000 Split
arheoloski-muzej-st@st.htnet.hr
U radu su predstavljeni dijelovi vojničke opreme pronađeni na lokalitetu Gardun, gdje se nalazio rimski vojni logor,
a čuvaju se kao dio stare zbirke Arheološkoga muzeja u
Splitu. Prevladava materijal iz 1. st., kada je najveći broj
vojnika boravio u logoru, a manji broj predmeta iz 4. i 6.
st., potvrđuju već poznatu činjenicu da se život na tom
mjestu nastavio i u kasnoantičkom razdoblju.
his work presents components of military equipment found
at the Gardun site, the location of a Roman military camp,
which are held as part of the Old Collection of the Archeological Museum in Split. he collection is dominated by articles from the first century, when the largest number of soldiers were stationed at the camp, while the smaller number
articles from the fourth to sixth centuries testify to the fact
that life at that locale continued even into Late Antiquity.
Ključne riječi: Gardun, vojnička oprema, oružje, konjska
oprema, dijelovi odjeće
Key words: Gardun, military equipment, weapons, riding
gear, items of attire
Dio stare zbirke Arheološkoga muzeja u Splitu
čine predmeti s lokaliteta Gardun kod Trilja, gdje
se nalazio rimski vojni logor Tilurium na kojem se
posljednjih godina vrše sustavna arheološka istraživanja i obrada pronađenoga materijala (Sanader
2003). Na taj način predmeti iz stare zbirke, kojima su točne okolnosti nalaza nepoznate, dobivaju
novo značenje.1 U ovom su radu izdvojeni predmeti
vojnoga karaktera: oružje, dijelovi vojničke odjeće i
konjske opreme. Prevladava materijal iz 1. st., što je
i očekivano s obzirom na to da su u logoru tada bile
smještene legije (Sanader 2002: 127). Kasnoantički
A part of the Old Collection of the Archeological
Museum in Split consists of items from the Gardun
site at Trilj, which was the location of the Roman military camp known as Tilurium. A number of systematic archeological excavations have been conducted
there in recent years, and the materials found have
been and are being analyzed (Sanader 2003). In this
manner, the artifacts in the Old Collection, of which
the precise circumstances surrounding their discovery are unknown, acquire a new significance.1 his
work concentrates on those items with a military
*
Crteže je izradio B. Penđer (T. 1–2).
*
Drawings by B. Penđer (T. 1–2).
1
Zahvaljujem kolegici Zrinki Buljević što me je upozorila na ovaj
materijal.
1
I would to thank my colleague Zrinka Buljević for pointing
these articles out to me.
159
Sanja IVČEVIĆ DIJELOVI OPREME RIMSKOG VOJNIKA IZ GARDUNA
je materijal zastupljen u znatno manjoj mjeri, što također potvrđuje već poznatu činjenicu da u Gardunu život nije prestao nakon odlaska legija sredinom
3. st., nego se nastavio i kroz kasnoantičko vrijeme.
Dijelovi pojasa
Vojnički se pojas pričvršćivao dvodijelnim kopčama u obliku slova D s volutama (kat. br. 1– 4, T. 1,
1–4). Pojas se nosio preko oklopa i imao je dvostruku namjenu: da prebaci dio težine oklopa s ramena
na bokove vojnika te da posluži za vješanje mača
i noža. Karakterističan su oblik za 1. st. (Koščević
1991: 66, 67; Oldenstein 1976: 211, 212), a neki autori im vrijeme trajanja ograničavaju na prvu polovinu 1. st. (Voirol 2000: 17). Smatra se da iz istoga
vremena potječe i trn kopče u obliku ljiljana (kat.
br. 5, T. 1, 5) koji je karakterističan za taj tip kopče.
O tome svjedoči čitav niz nalaza cijelih kopči. Predmeti takvoga oblika u literaturi se interpretiraju
i kao privjesci (Bekić 1998: 235), ali naš primjerak
ima zakrivljen vrh i to ga nesumnjivo određuje kao
trn kopče.
Kopča s dugmetom (kat. br. 6, T. 1, 6) služila je kao
pojasna kopča ili je pričvršćivala remen korica mača.
Korice mača mogle su se vješati izravno na pojas ili
na posebni remen koji se prebacivao preko ramena. Na jednom kraju tog remena nalazila se ovakva
kopča, a na drugom petlja kroz koju se provlačilo
dugme. Kopča potječe iz 1. st. (Voirol 2000: 18).
Rimljani od Kelta preuzimaju običaj dijeljenja kraja
pojasa u četiri vrpce od kojih se samo jedna provlačila kroz kopču, a ostale su visjele niz slabine. Od
sredine 1. st. taj se element pojasa osamostaljuje i
nastaje pregača sastavljena od triju ili više kožnih
vrpca (ponekad od samo jedne široke vrpce) koje su
visjele s prednje strane pojasa štiteći slabine. Uvijek
su završavale privjescima, a posvuda su na njima bili
pričvršćeni okovi, često posrebreni i ukrašeni biljnim motivima. Ponekad su na njima bili urezani natpisi (Oldenstein 1976: T. 59, 741, 744). Zveket i odsjaj metalnih dijelova pregače pridonosio je zastrašujućoj pojavi rimskih jedinica pri stupanju. Nosila
ih je samo pješadija, i to tijekom 1. st. Pojavila se kao
dio nošnje u vrijeme Tiberija, a izlazi iz upotrebe u
vrijeme Hadrijana (Voirol 2000: 18). Krajem 1. st.
pregača se reducira u nošnji legionara, a potpuno
nestaje kod pomoćnih jedinica (Simkins 2003: 24).
Tri okova vojničke pregače iz Garduna (kat. br. 7–9,
T. 1, 7–9) pravokutnoga su oblika; jedan je posrebren (kat. br. 7), a preostala dva nisu ukrašena.
Amforasti jezičci uobičajeni su dio kasnoantičke pojasne garniture, a u osnovnom se obliku razlikuju po
detaljima i načinu ukrašavanja. Jedan primjerak iz
character: weapons, components of soldier’s uniforms and riding gear. Articles from the first century
predominate, which is to be expected since legions
were stationed at the camp at that time (Sanader
2002: 127). he finds from Late Antiquity are present
to a much lesser extent, even though they confirm
the already known fact that life in Gardun did not
stop after the departure of the legions in the midthird century, rather it continued into Late Antiquity.
Belt components
here are four D-shaped two-piece buckles with volutes used for fastening the soldier’s belt (cat. no.
1– 4, T. 1, 1–4). he belt was worn over the armor
and had a dual purpose: to transfer a part of the
weight of the armor from the soldier’s shoulders
to his hips, and to serve as a place to hang a sword
and knife. he form of the buckle is characteristic
of the first century (Košćević 1991: 66, 67; Oldenstein 1976: 211, 212), while some authors limit their
duration up to the mid-first century (Voirol 2000:
17). he lily-shaped buckle prong (cat. no. 5, T. 1, 5)
characteristic of this buckle type, is believed to be
from the same period. his is indicated by an entire
series of finds of whole buckles. Objects of this form
are interpreted in the literature as pendants (Bekić
1998: 235), but this example has a bent tip and this
certainly makes it a belt tongue.
hebutton-and-loopfastener(cat.no.6,T.1,6)served
as a belt buckle, or it fastened the belt to the sword’s
sheath. Sword sheaths could be directly hung on the
waist belt or on a baldric. A buckle like this was at the
end of such a belt, while there was a loop at the other
end into which the button was fastened. he buckle
dates back to the first century. (Voirol 2000: 18).
he Romans assumed from the Celts the custom of
cutting the end of a belt into four straps of which
only one is pulled through the buckle, while the rest
hung over the thighs. By the mid-first century, this
element of the belt became independent and developed into an apron made of three or more leather
straps (sometimes just one wide strap) which hung
from the front of the belt and protected the thighs.
hey always ended in pendants, and had mounts all
over them, often gilded with silver and decorated
with plant motifs. Sometimes inscriptions were engraved on them (Oldenstein 1976: T. 59, 741, 744).
he rattling and glitter of the apron parts contributed
to the terrifying appearance of Roman units on the
march. Only the infantry wore them, and that during the first century. hey appeared as a component
of attire during the Tiberian era, and fell into disuse
during the reign of Hadrian (Voirol 2000: 18). At the
160
Sanja IVČEVIĆ COMPONENTS OF ROMAN MILITARY EQUIPMENT FROM GARDUN
Garduna ima tri bubrežasta proboja (kat. br. 10, T. 1,
10), što je karakteristično za tu vrstu predmeta, dok
drugi ima dva kružna otvora (kat. br. 11, T. 1, 11).
Oba su ukrašena utisnutim kružnicama. Podjela jezičaca vrši se prema načinu na koji su bili učvršćeni
na pojas: ili izravno zakovicama ili pomoću okova
(Sagadin 1979: 315). Naši primjerci oštećeni su pri
vrhu, ali se čini da je jedan (kat. br. 11) bio spojen zakovicama, a drugi je imao ušice kojima je bio spojen
s okovom (kat. br. 10). Treći primjerak (kat. br. 12, T.
1, 12) ukrašen je urezanim linijama i spajao se također pomoću okova. Pojasni jezičci ovog tipa datiraju
se u drugu polovinu 4. st. i prvu polovinu 5. st. (Buora
2002: 196; Cavada 2002: 155). Najsličniji su ovim primjercima jezičci iz Salone koji datiraju iz druge polovine 4. st. (Višić-Ljubić 1994: 227; Bullinger 1969: 31),
dok oni iz Siska datiraju iz 4. st. (Koščević 1991: 70).
Tri kopče sa sačuvanim okovom (kat. br. 13–15, T. 1,
13–15) spajale su dijelove obručastoga oklopa (lorica
segmentata) ranijega tipa (Corbridge A i B/C)2 koji je
nosila pješadija, a njegova je uporaba ograničena na
1. st. Prije se mislilo da su takve oklope nosili samo
legionari, ali novija istraživanja pokazuju da su ih rabili i pripadnici pomoćnih jedinica (Voirol 2000: 14).
Kopče za oklop iz Garduna pripadaju skupini dvodijelnih D-kopči koje se datiraju u 1. st. (Koščević
1991: 67; Sagadin 1979: 305).
end of the first century, the apron was reduced in
legionary attire, and completely disappeared among
the auxiliary units (Simkins 2003: 24). he three
mounts of a military apron from Gardun (cat. no. 7–
9, T. 1, 7–9) are rectangular, and one is plated in silver
(cat. no. 7), while the other two are not decorated.
Amphora-shaped strap ends were a customary component of Late Roman belt gear, and they basic form
can be distinguished by their details and decoration
method. One example from Gardun has three perforations in the form of a pelta (cat. no. 10, T. 1, 10),
which is characteristic for this type of article, while
the other has circular openings (cat. no. 11, T. 1, 11).
Both are decorated with impressed small circles.
Strap ends are classified based in the manner in
which they were fastened to the belt: either directly with rivets or with the help of mount and hinge
(Sagadin 1979: 315). Our examples are damaged at
the ends, but it seems that one (cat. no. 11) was fastened with rivets, while the other had a small loop
with which it was connected with a mount (cat. no.
10). he third example (cat. no. 12, T. 1, 12) is decorated with engraved lines and also connected with
mounts. Strap ends of this type date to the second
half of the fourth century and the first half of the
fifth century (Buora 2002: 196; Cavada 2002: 155).
he belt tips from Salona dated to the second half of
the fourth century are the most similar to this type
of belt tip (Višić-Ljubić 1994: 227; Bullinger 1969:
31), while those from Sisak date back to the fourth
century (Koščević 1991: 70).
Konjska oprema
Armor buckles
U razdoblje 1. st. datiraju se okovi za uzde (Voirol
2000: 78) pomoću kojih se uzda spajala nakon provlačenja kroz ušicu žvale.3 To se vršilo zakovicama
koje su se provlačile kroz otvor s prednje strane okova (kat. br. 17, T. 1, 17) ili učvršćivanjem pomoću
trna s njihove stražnje strane (kat. br. 16, T. 1, 16).
Privjesci za konjsku ormu služili su kao ukras; imali
su apotropejsko značenje, a vjerojatno su se rabili i za
tjeranje mušica koje su bile stalni pratioci konja i konjanika. U Arheološkom muzeju u Splitu čuva se šest
privjesaka iz Garduna. Listoliko-srcolik,4 neukrašen
privjesak (kat. br. 18, T. 1, 18) zbog svojih karakteristika datira se u razdoblje od Klaudija do Trajana (Voirol
2000: 24). Taj tip privjeska vješao se i na remenje
hree buckles with preserved mounts for fastening
(cat. no. 13–15, T. 1, 13–15) connected the parts
of laminated armor (lorica segmentata) of an older
type (Corbridge A and B/C)2 which was worn by the
infantry, and its use was limited to the first century.
Previously it was believed that this type of armor
was only worn by legionaries, but more recent research indicates that they were also used by members of auxiliary units (Voirol 2000: 14).
he armor buckles from Gardun belong to the group
of two-piece D-buckles that date back to the first
century (Košćević 1991: 67, Sagadin 1979: 305).
Kopče za oklop
2
3
4
Za rekonstrukciju vidi: Voirol 2000: 15, sl. 7, Simkins 2003: 27.
Za rekonstrukciju vidi: Ritterling 1913: 169, sl. 36.
Jedni ih autori nazivaju srcolikima (Unz & Deschler-Erb 1997:
39, Voirol 2000:24), a drugi listoliko-srcolikima (Koščević 1991:
47). Prihvaćam potonji naziv jer se oblik privjeska nalazi između tih dvaju tipova.
Riding gear
he mounts for reins (Voirol 2000: 78) used to connect the reins after they are pulled through the bit
2
161
For a reconstruction see: Voirol 2000: 15, Fig. 7; Simkins 2003: 27.
Sanja IVČEVIĆ DIJELOVI OPREME RIMSKOG VOJNIKA IZ GARDUNA
vojničke pregače, a mogao je biti i središnji dio
polumjesečastih privjesaka, no oni se u literaturi uglavnom interpretiraju kao privjesci orme
(Unz & Deschler-Erb 1997: 41, 44; Voirol 2000: 24).
Trodijelni listoliki privjesak (kat. br. 19, T. 1, 19) potječe iz druge polovine 1. st. Smatra se da je nastao
u tiberijsko-klaudijsko vrijeme, koristi se i u flavijskom razdoblju (Lawson 1978: 153; Mackensen
1991: 174), a nakon toga počinje izlaziti iz mode.
Konstrukcijski se razvija iz polumjesečastih privjesaka sa središnjim privjeskom.
Budući da je posrebren i ukrašen stiliziranim vegetacijskim motivima, gardunski primjerak bi predstavljao raniju inačicu tog tipa privjeska. Osim toga,
naš primjerak potječe iz vremena koje se podudara
s vremenom nastanka te inačice (druga polovica 1.
st.). Promatramo li dimenzije privjeska, možemo
pretpostaviti da je bio čeoni ukras ili dio prsnoga
ukrasa. Listoliko-srcoliki privjesak ukrašavao je remenje po tijelu konja (Lawson 1978: 153).
Listoliki privjesci iz Garduna (kat. br. 20–23, T. 1,
20, T. 2, 21–23) imaju izduženi oblik valovitih rubova s kuglastim ukrasom na dnu i kukicom za vješanje na vrhu, a međusobno se razlikuju po obliku i
ukrasu. Za taj je tip privjeska iz 1. st. karakteristična
raznovrsnost (Koščević 1991: 50).
Oružje
Vrh sulica za katapult
Dio obavezne opreme rimske legije bile su bacačke sprave koje su služile za borbu na daljinu, a
njihov broj i vrsta mijenjali su se obzirom na vrste
naoružanja te tehničko usavršavanje i promjene
u ustroju vojske. Brojni izvori i arheološki nalazi
omogućili su rekonstrukciju i proučavanje takvog
oružja (Radman-Livaja 2001: 126, 127). Na temelju
tipološkoga razvoja ne možemo precizno datirati
nastanak bacačkih projektila. Možemo razlikovati
republikanske primjerke kojima je glava vrha strelice kraća od trna, odnosno od tuljca za nasad, od
onih iz razdoblja Carstva kod kojih se glava produžuje i postaje teža, čime se postiže veći domet i bolja
učinkovitost. Kroz čitavo carsko razdoblje balistički
projektili ne mijenjaju svoj oblik.5
5
Projektile slične našima nalazimo kroz čitavo razdoblje Carstva
na mnogobrojnim lokalitetima, vidi: Tudor 1964: vojni logor
Racari – materijal je datiran u 2. i prvu polovicu 3. st.; Ritterling 1913: vojni logor Hofheim postoji od kraja republikanskoga
razdoblja do treće četvrtine 1. st.; Unz & Deschler-Erb 1997:
Vindonissa – od 15/16 god. do kraja 1. st.; Behrens 1912: logor
u Mainzu postoji od kraja 1. st. pr. Kr. do polovice 4. st., a primjerak iz Aquileje (Roma sul Danubio: 2002) datiran je u 4/5. st.
date back to the first century.3 his was accomplished using rivets that were pulled through the
opening on the front side of the mounts (cat. no. 17,
T. 1, 17) or by fastening them with a prong on their
back side (cat. no. 16, T. 1, 16).
he pendants for the harness served as decorations;
they had apotropaic significance, and they were probably used to ward off the flies that were constant companions to horses and their riders. he Archeological
Museum in Split holds six pendants from Gardun.
he leaf-/heart-shaped,4 undecorated pendant (cat.
no. 18, T. 1, 18), based on its characteristics, can be
dated from the Claudian to Trajanic period (Voirol
2000: 24). his type of pendant was also hung from
the side straps of military aprons, and it could also be
the center of a lunular pendant, but in the literature
they are generally interpreted as harness pendants
(Unz & Deschler-Erb 1997: 41, 44; Voirol 2000: 24).
he three-piece leaf-shaped pendant (cat. no. 19, T.
1, 19) comes from the second half of the first century. It is believe to have emerged during the Tiberian/Claudian period, and also used during the Flavian period (Lawson 1978: 153; Mackensen 1991:
174), and after this they were no longer in style. In
terms of construction, it develops from the lunular
pendants with a central pendant.
Since it is silver-plated and decorated with stylistic
vegetation motifs, the Gardun example may represent an earlier variant of this pendant type. Additionally, this pendant comes from a time that corresponds to the emergence of this variant (second
half of the first century). If the dimensions of the
pendant are observed, it can be assumed that it was
part of a decoration of the forehead or chest. he
leaf-/heart-shaped pendant decorated the straps
along the horse’s body (Lawson 1978: 153).
he leaf-shaped pendants from Gardun (cat. no.
20–23, T. 1, 20, T. 2, 21–23) have an elongated form
with wavy edges and spherical terminal on the bottom and a small hook for hanging on top, and they
differ from one another in terms of form and decoration. his type of pendant from the first century is
characterized by diversity (Košćević 1991: 50).
Weapons
Tanged projectile head
hrowing devices used for long-range combat were
a mandatory component of the equipment of Ro3
4
162
For a reconstruction see: Ritterling 1913: 169, Fig. 36.
Some authors call them heart-shaped (Unz & Deschler-Erb
1997: 39; Voirol 2000: 24), while others call them leaf-/heartshaped (Koščević 1991: 47). I prefer the latter term because the
form of this pendant lies somewhere between the two types.
Sanja IVČEVIĆ COMPONENTS OF ROMAN MILITARY EQUIPMENT FROM GARDUN
Dosad su poznata dva gardunska primjerka vrha
sulice za katapult (pilum catapultarium)6 s tuljcem
za nasad te jedan primjerak u obliku dvostruke piramide (Radman-Livaja 1998: 223, 224, T. 1, 6) za
kojeg autor naglašava da je vjerojatno vrh ručne sulice, ali ostavlja mogućnost uporabe ovog predmeta
kao balističkog projektila. Primjerak iz Arheološkog
muzeja u Splitu pripada nešto rjeđoj inačici s trnom
za nasad.
Na primjerku iz Arheološkoga muzeja u Splitu (kat.
br. 24, T. 2, 24) glava je čak više nego dvostruko
duža od trna, što je sigurno smješta u carsko doba.
U našem je slučaju preciznija datacija moguća zbog
okolnosti nalaza. Naime, samo su legije, pretorijanci i ratna mornarica u rimskoj vojsci rabili balističke
sprave (Radman-Livaja 2001: 126, 127). Budući da
su rimske legije boravile u Gardunu najvjerojatnije
između 6. i 61. god. (Sanader 2002: 127; Zaninović
1996: 284–287), nastanak našeg primjerka može se
datirati u prve dvije trećine 1. st.
Vrh strijele i vrhovi koplja
Vrhovi strijela čest su nalaz u logorima i vojnim
postajama Rimskoga Carstva. Ta se vrsta naoružanja počinje uvoditi u rimsku vojsku od 2. st. pr. Kr.,
a kasnije se, u doba Principata, stvaraju i posebne
jedinice strijelaca (sagittarii). Iako se rimske strijele prema obliku mogu podijeliti u sedam skupina
(Radman-Livaja 2001: 124), ne možemo precizno
odrediti vrijeme njihova nastanka. Stoga se na raznim lokalitetima, ovisno o okolnostima nalaza,
datiraju od vremena republike do kasne antike i
dalje, u razdoblje srednjega vijeka.7 Vrh strijele iz
Garduna (kat. br. 25, T. 2, 25) pripadao bi 5. skupini
gdje su strijele s tuljcem i vrhom plosnatog presjeka
koje se na rimskim lokalitetima različito datiraju.8
Ranije otkriven primjerak iz Garduna (Bekić 1998:
man legions. heir number and type varied given
the types of armaments and technological improvements and changes in military structure. Numerous
sources and archeological finds have facilitated the
reconstruction and study of such weapons (RadmanLivaja 2001: 126, 127). he emergence of throwing
projectiles cannot be precisely dated on the basis
of typological development. A distinction can be
drawn between the Republic examples, in which
the head of the spear is shorter than the tang or the
socketed shaft, from those of the Empire, on which
the head is extended and heavier, thus achieving a
longer range and greater efficiency. hroughout the
period of Empire, the shape of ballistic projectiles
did not change.5
here are currently two known Gardun examples of
socketed iron bolts (pilum catapultarium)6 and one
tanged iron projectile head (Radman-Livaja 1998:
223, 224, T. 1, 6) which this author stresses may be
the head of a hand-held javelin, but leaves open the
possibility of its use as a ballistic projectile. he example from the Archeological Museum in Split is a
somewhat rarer variant with a tang.
he example from the Archeological Museum in
Split (cat. no. 24, T. 2, 24) has a head that is over
twice as long as the tang, which certainly places it
within the period of Empire. In our case, more precise dating is possible due to the circumstances of
the find. his is because only the legions, praetorian
guard and navy in the Roman military used ballistic
devices (Radman-Livaja 2001: 126, 127). Since the
Roman legions most likely stayed in Gardun between 6 and 61 AD (Sanader 2002: 127; Zaninović
1996: 284–287), the emergence of this example can
be dated to roughly the first sixty years of the first
century.
5
6
7
8
Antički pisci koriste različite nazive za balističke sprave što ovisi o njihovoj namjeni i vremenu u kojem su rabljeni. U 1. st.
spravu za izbacivanje strelica uglavnom nazivaju katapult pa
sam se ovdje odlučila za taj termin (vidi Radman-Livaja 2001:
126, 127). U našoj literaturi alterniraju dva naziva za ovu vrstu
projektila: strelica i sulica. Uvažavajući argument autora koji se
više bavio ovim pitanjem (Radman-Livaja 2001: 126, bilj. 35),
odlučila sam se za termin sulica.
Strelice slične našoj iz srednjovjekovne tvrđave Ras datirane su
u prvu polovinu 12. st. (Popović 1999: 253, 254, sl. 214, 9), a
među materijalom iz Podumaca kod Unešića jedna je strelica
slična našoj datirana u 15. st. (Krnčević 1999–2000: 488, T. 2,1).
U Vindonisi se strelice datiraju prema vremenu postojanja logora od 15/16 god. do kraja 1. st. (Unz & Deschler-Erb 1997); logor
u Mainzu postoji od kraja 1. st. pr. Kr. do polovice 4. st. (Behrens
1912); nalaz iz Ljubljane autorica smješta u kasnoantičko razdoblje (Sivec 1997); primjerci iz Halterna datiraju se na kraj 1. st.
pr. Kr. i početak 1. st. (Harnecker 1997); primjerak iz Garduna
datiran je u 1. st. (Bekić 1998).
6
163
Projectiles similar to those covered in this study can be found
throughout the Imperial period at many sites, see: Tudor 1964:
Racari military camp – material dated to the 2nd and first half
of the 3rd centuries; Ritterling 1913: the Hofheim military camp
existed from the end of the Republic period to the third quarter
of the 1st century; Unz & Deschler-Erb 1997: Vindonissa – from
15/16 AD to the end of the 1st century; Behrens 1912: the camp
in Mainz existed from the end of the 1st century BC to the mid4th century, while the example from Aquileia (Roma sul Danubio: 2002) dates to the 4th/5th century.
Roman writers use various terms for ballistic devices depending on their purpose and the time in which they were used. In
the 1st century the arrow-shooter device was generally called a
catapult so here I decided to use this term (see Radman-Livaja
2001: 126, 127). In Croatian literature, there is alternation between two terms for this type of projectile: strelica (arrow) and
sulica (spear). Taking into account the argument of an author
who examined this matter much more thoroughly (RadmanLivaja 2001: 126, note 35), I have decided to use the term sulica
in the Croatian text.
Sanja IVČEVIĆ DIJELOVI OPREME RIMSKOG VOJNIKA IZ GARDUNA
T. 2,8) autor smatra vrhom sulice, ali naglašava da
ima neobične dimenzije iako oblikom ne odudara
od te vrste oružja. Promatramo li njegovu veličinu,
možemo zaključiti da je bio korišten kao vrh strijele
pa ga zato i navodim na ovome mjestu. Iako primjerak iz Salone (Kliškić 2002: T. VI, 4) ima listoliko
raskovanu glavu i time se razlikuje od gardunskoga
kojemu glava ima oblik romba, naveden je kao njemu sličan jer pripada istoj skupini prema već spomenutoj tipologiji.
Autori koji su se bavili ovim problemom ističu da je
ponekad teško prema obliku razlučiti vrh strijela za
luk od vrha laganoga koplja za bacanje, a u nekim
slučajevima i od sulice za katapult (Harnecker 1997:
32). Dužina i težina predmeta također ne pomažu
pri određivanju namjene: težina im je između 25
i 75 g, a dužina od 6 do 13 cm (Baatz 1966: 205).
Tako su predmeti iz Vindonisse (Unz & DeschlerErb 1997: 23, 24, T. 361, 362.) svrstani među vrhove
strelica za luk, dok se oni iz Halterna (Harnecker
1997: 4, 91, T. 77, 812, 814) navode kao vrh sulice za
katapult ili vrh laganoga koplja za bacanje.
Naš primjerak pripada skupini strijela s plosnato raskovanom glavom, a takav se oblik nije upotrebljavao za bacačke sprave. Njezine dimenzije i težina
također upućuju na to da je vjerojatno bila strijela
za ručni luk.
Premda se ovaj oblik oružja ne može datirati prema
tipološkim oznakama, naš primjerak je precizno datiran zbog okolnosti nalaza. Naime, pronađen je u
Gardunu 1921, zajedno s vrhom koplja (kat. br. 26) i
Justinijanovim novcem datiranim u 30. godinu vladanja (556/557).9 To nam omogućuje da nastanak našeg
primjerka smjestimo u ranobizantsko justinijansko
vrijeme. Otprije je poznato da je Tilurij do kraja antike zadržao svoj strateški značaj (Zaninović 1996: 268)
te da je bio postaja (castellum ili refugium) u justinijanskom sustavu utvrda u unutrašnjosti pokrajine
Dalmacije (Zaninović 1996a: 270). O tome svjedoče
raniji sitni nalazi iz Garduna: prsten datiran u 6.–7.
st. (Šeparović 2003: 220, 232, T. 2,2), brončana aplika
iz 7. st. (Vinski 1974: 33, T. XXV, 2), stakleni ulomci datirani u razdoblje od 4. do 8. st. (Buljević 2003:
317–319, 321, T. 10, 6–11, T. 11, 4) i od 4. do 6. st.
(Buljević 2003: 323, 324, T, 12 1–3) te staklena perla
iz razdoblja od 5. do 7. st. (Buljević 2003: 337, T. 15,1)
i križna fibula iz Vojnića iz 6.–7. st. koji se nalazi u
neposrednoj blizini (Sanader 1999–2000: 232, sl. 10).
Koplje je u rimskoj vojsci bilo dio pješačke i konjaničke opreme, a različiti oblici i veličine uvjetovani
su namjenom koplja jer se rabilo kao bacačko oružje, ali i za borbu izbliza.10 Oblik i veličina koplja
9
Arrowheads and spearheads
Arrowheads are a common find in the camps and
military outposts of the Roman Empire. his type of
weaponry began to appear in the Roman military by
the second century BC, and later, during the Principate, separate archery units (sagittarii) were created. Although Roman arrows can be classified into
seven groups (Radman-Livaja 2001: 124), the time
of their emergence cannot be precisely determined.
herefore, at various sites, depending on the circumstances of the find, they are dated from the Republic period through Late Antiquity and beyond, to
the Middle Ages.7 he arrowhead from Gardun (cat.
no. 25, T. 2, 25) belongs to the fifth group, which
consists of socketed flat bladed arrow heads. hese
are variously dated at Roman sites.8 An example
discovered in Gardun earlier (Bekić 1998: T. 2, 8) is
considered the spearhead by this author. Although
its dimensions are unusual, its form does not differ
from this type of weapon. Judging by its size, one can
conclude that it was used as an arrowhead, which is
why it is examined at this point. Even though the
example from Salona (Kliškić 2002: T. VI, 4) has a
leaf-shaped forged head and thereby differs from
the Gardun example with its rhomboidal head, it
is mentioned here because it is similar and belongs
to the same group in the aforementioned typology.
Authors who have dealt with this problem emphasize that based on the form it is sometimes difficult
to distinguish an arrowhead from the head of a
light javelin, and in some cases from catapult spearheads (Harnecker 1997: 32). he length and weight
of items is also no help in determining their purpose: their weights range between 25 and 75 g, and
the length from 6 to 13 cm (Baatz 1966: 205). Such
items from Vindonissa (Unz & Deschler-Erb 1997:
23, 24, T. 361, 362.) have been categorized among
arrowheads, while those from Haltern (Harnecker
1997: 4, 91, T. 77, 812, 814) have been classified as
the points of catapult spears or light javelins.
he example examined here belongs to the group of
flat bladed arrowheads and this form was not used
7
8
Zahvaljujem na pomoći kolegici Maji Bonačić Mandinić. Novac
se čuva u Arheološkome muzeju u Splitu pod inv. br. 4470.
164
Arrows similar to this one from the medieval fortress of Ras
have been dated to the first half of the 12th century (Popović
1999: 253, 254, Fig. 214, 9), while among the material from Podumci at Unešić an arrow similar to this one has been dated to
the 15th century (Krnčević 1999–2000: 488, T. 2, 1).
In Vindonisa the arrows are dated based on the period when the
camp existed from 15/16 AD to the end of the 1st century (Unz
& Deschler-Erb 1997); the camp in Mainz existed from the end
of the 1st century BC to the mid-4th century (Behrens 1912);
the find from Ljubljana has been placed by this author in Late
Antiquity (Sivec 1997); the examples from Haltern date to the
end of the 1st century BC and the beginning of the 1st century
AD (Harnecker 1997); the example from Gardun dates to the
1st century (Bekić 1998).
Sanja IVČEVIĆ COMPONENTS OF ROMAN MILITARY EQUIPMENT FROM GARDUN
ne omogućuju dataciju, a isto vrijedi i za pojačanje
dna (kat. br. 29, T. 2, 29) koje je moglo poslužiti za
zabijanje koplja u zemlju ili kao oružje ako se drška prelomila u borbi. Autori koji su se dosad bavili
ovakvom vrstom materijala nisu zbog tih razloga
razradili tipologiju.
Budući da koplja (kat. br. 27, 28, T. 2, 27, 28) ne možemo tipološki datirati, vrijeme njihova nastanka
najbolje bi bilo smjestiti u vrijeme postojanja rimskog logora – od početka 1. st. do sredine 3. st. (Sanader 2002: 127). Na tom je području tada najviše
vojske i oružja, ali kako Tilurum nastavlja živjeti i
u kasnijem razdoblju, a oblik koplja postoji u cijelom antičkom razdoblju, takva se datacija ipak čini
previše smjelom. Tomu u prilog ide i činjenica da je
spomenuto koplje (kat. br. 26, T. 2, 26) s obzirom na
novac datirano u 6. st., a po osnovnim se karakteristikama ne razlikuje od ostala dva, manja koplja.
Zbog navedenih razloga koplja su samo okvirno datirana u razdoblje antike.
Trnokop (dolabra) bio je dio vojne opreme, a rabio
se za kopanje rovova, krčenje šume, obradu drva,
građevinske radove, ali i kao oružje. U vojnom kontekstu spominju ga antički pisci (Pietsch 1983: 15).
Uzmemo li u obzir veličinu i položaj trna u odnosu
na sjekiru te činjenicu da je pronađen u Gardunu,
možemo zaključiti da se radi o vojnom trnokopu.
Prema otvoru za nasad možemo ga datirati u 1. st.
(Pietsch 1983: 81), a tako je datiran i trnokop pronađen za vrijeme novijih istraživanja Garduna (Šeparović 2003: 223, T. 4,1).
KATALOG
Dijelovi pojasa
1. inv. br. H 6177, T. 1, 1; kopča; bronca; 1. st.; visina
3,6 cm, dužina 3,1 cm, debljina 0,5 cm; okvir kopče je polukružan s krajevima uvijenima prema
unutrašnjoj strani, prečka kopče je udubljena na
mjestu gdje je bio trn, na prečki su dvije ušice kroz
koje se provlačila osovina za okov; presjek polukružnoga dijela okvira kopče je trokutast, s unutrašnje strane je istaknuto rebro; trn nije sačuvan.
Literatura: Šeparović 2003: 221, 233, T. 2, 6 (Gardun); Nedved 1981: 180, sl. 8, 316 (Ivoševci); Koščević 1991: 66, 67, T. XXVI, 365 (Sisak); Petru
1972: T. XCIII, 26 (Ljubljana); Sagadin 1979: 312,
313, T. 9, 15 (Ptuj); Unz & Deschler-Erb 1997:
32–34, T. 43, 1138–1163, T. 44, 1164–1182 (Vindonisa); Ritterling 1913: T. XI, 14, 20, 21 (Hofhe10
O načinu uporabe koplja i primjeni u rimskoj vojsci vidi Kliškić
2002: 525–526.
for throwing devices. Its dimensions and weight
also indicate that it was probably an arrow used for
a hand-held bow.
Although this form of weapon cannot be dated on
the basis of its typological features, the example
here has been precisely dated thanks to the circumstances of the find. It was found in Gardun in 1921,
together with a spearhead (cat. no. 26) and a Justinianian coin dated to the thirtieth year of his reign
(556/557).9 So the emergence of this example can
be placed in the early-Byzantine Justinianian era.
It was known even earlier that Tilurium retained
its strategic importance up to the end of Classical
Antiquity (Zaninović 1996: 268) and that it was an
outpost (either castellum or refugium) in the Justinianian system of fortifications in the Dalmatian
provincial interior (Zaninović 1996a: 270). Early
small finds from Gardun testify to this fact: a ring
dated to the sixth/seventh century (Šeparović 2003:
220, 232, T. 2, 2), a seventh-century bronze attachment (Vinski 1974: 33, T. XXV, 2), glass fragments
from the fourth to eighth (Buljević 2003: 317–319,
321, T. 10, 6–11, T. 11, 4) and fourth to sixth centuries (Buljević 2003: 323, 324, T, 12 1–3), a glass bead
from the fifth to seventh centuries (Buljević 2003:
337, T. 15,1) and a Vojnić cross-shaped fibula from
the sixth/seventh century found in the immediate
vicinity (Sanader 1999–2000: 232, fig. 10).
Spears in the Roman army were used both as infantry and cavalry equipment, while their various forms
and sizes depended on their use, since spears were
both thrown and used in hand-to-hand combat.10
he form and size of spears do not facilitate dating,
and the same applies to the bottom reinforcement
(cat. no. 29, T. 2, 29) which could be used to stake
the spear into the ground or as a weapon if the shaft
was broken in battle. hese are the reasons why the
authors who have previously dealt with this type of
material did not elaborate a typology.
Since the spears (cat. no. 27, 28, T. 2, 27, 28) cannot
be typologically dated, the time of their appearance
can best be placed in the period when the Roman
camp existed: from the beginning of the first to the
mid-third centuries (Sanader 2002: 127). he most
armies and weapons were in the area at that time, but
since Tilurum continued to live even in Late Antiquity, and the spear form existed throughout Classical Antiquity, such dating nonetheless seems excessively bold. his is backed by the fact that the coin
9
10
165
I would like to thank my colleague Maja Bonačić Mandinić for
her assistance. he coin is held in the Archeological Museum in
Split under inv. no. 4470.
For the manner of using spears and applications in the Roman
army, see Kliškić 2002: 525–526.
Sanja IVČEVIĆ DIJELOVI OPREME RIMSKOG VOJNIKA IZ GARDUNA
Tablica 1. crtež: B. Penđer
Table 1. drawing by B. Penđer
166
Sanja IVČEVIĆ COMPONENTS OF ROMAN MILITARY EQUIPMENT FROM GARDUN
Tablica 2. crtež: B. Penđer
Table 2. drawing by B. Penđer
167
Sanja IVČEVIĆ DIJELOVI OPREME RIMSKOG VOJNIKA IZ GARDUNA
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
im); Behrens 1912: 87, sl. 3, 15 (Mainz); Behrens
1918: 28, sl. 8, 1, 2 (Mainz); Oldenstein 1976:
211, 212, T. 74, 971 (Wiesbaden)
inv. br. H 1599, T. 1, 2; kopča; bronca, srebro;
1. st.; visina 2,5 cm, dužina 2,6 cm, debljina 0,4
cm; okvir kopče je polukružan s krajevima uvijenima prema unutrašnjoj strani, prečka kopče
je udubljena na mjestu gdje je bio trn, na prečki
su dvije ušice kroz koje se provlačila osovina za
okov; presjek polukružnog dijela okvira kopče je
trokutast, s unutrašnje strane istaknuto je rebro;
trn nije sačuvan; s prednje strane kopča je posrebrena po cijeloj svojoj površini
Literatura: vidi 1. inv. br.
inv. br. H 4453, T. 1, 3; kopča; bronca; 1. st.; visina 3,4 cm, dužina 2,3 cm, debljina 0,4 cm; okvir
kopče je polukružan sa stanjenim krajevima i
uvijenima prema unutrašnjoj strani; prečka kopče je na krajevima uvijena prema vanjskoj strani,
nedostaje dio na središnjem dijelu gdje se nalazio
trn, a ušice za osovinu vidljive su samo u tragovima; presjek polukružnoga dijela okvira kopče je
trokutast, s unutrašnje strane istaknuto je rebro;
trn nije sačuvan
Literatura: vidi 1. inv. br.
inv. br. H 6176, T. 1, 4; kopča; bronca, srebro;
1. st.; visina 3,1 cm, dužina 2,7 cm, debljina 0,4
cm; okvir kopče je polukružan s krajevima uvijenima prema unutrašnjoj strani, prečka kopče
je udubljena na mjestu gdje je bio trn, na prečki
su dvije ušice kroz koje se provlačila osovina za
okov; presjek polukružnoga dijela okvira kopče
je polukružan; trn nije sačuvan, a s prednje strane sačuvani su ostaci posrebrenja
Literatura: vidi 1. inv. br.
inv. br. H 1211, T. 1, 5; trn kopče; bronca; 1. st.;
dimenzije 3, 4 x 2, 4 cm; trn u obliku ljiljana; nedostaje ušica
Literatura: Petru 1972: T. XCV, 19, T. XCIII, 26
(Ljubljana); Unz & Deschler-Erb 1997: 36, T. 43,
1141, T, 44, 1178 (Vindonissa); Behrens 1918: 28,
sl. 8, 1 (Mainz)
inv. br. H 3217, T. 1, 6; kopča s gumbom; bronca; 1. st.; visina 2,1 cm, dužina 3,6 cm, debljina
0,2 cm; srcoliki okvir kopče ima dva motiva pelta
rađena na proboj; na prečki kopče dvije su ušice;
trn je dosta savijen, a na vrhu trna nije sačuvano
dugme
Literatura: Unz & Deschler-Erb 1997: 37, 38, T.
45, 1232 (Vindonissa); Behrens 1918, 28, sl. 9, 2
(Mainz); Voirol 2000: T. 9, 67 (Avenches)
inv. br. H 3674, T. 1, 7; okov za remen pregače;
bronca, srebro; 1. st.; dužina 4,4 cm, visina 1,6
is dated to the sixth century and that this spear (cat.
no. 26, T. 2, 26) does not differ greatly from the other two smaller examples. his is why the spears are
only conditionally dated to the period of Antiquity.
he pickaxe (dolabra) was a component of military
equipment, used to dig trenches, clear forests and
work timber, and in construction work, but also as a
weapon. Classical writers mention it in the military
context (Pietsch 1983: 15). Taking into account the
size and position of the spike in relation to the axe
and the fact that it was found in Gardun, one can
conclude that it was probably a military pickaxe.
Based on its opening slot it can be dated to the first
century (Pietsch 1983: 81), and this dating was also
applied to a pickaxe found in more recent research
at Gardun (Šeparović 2003: 223, T. 4,1).
CATALOGUE
Belt parts
1. inv. no. H 6177, T. 1, 1; buckle; bronze; 1st cent.;
height 3.6 cm, length 3.1 cm, thickness 0.5 cm;
the buckle frame is semi-circular with ends bent
inward, the buckle cross-tie is indented where
the prong rests; there are two small holes on the
cross-tie through which the axis for the mount
was pulled; the cross-section of the semi-circular
buckle frame is triangular, with a rib protruding
on the inside; the prong has not been preserved
Literature: Šeparović 2003: 221, 233, T. 2, 6 (Gardun); Nedved 1981: 180, fig. 8, 316 (Ivoševci);
Koščević 1991: 66, 67, T. XXVI, 365 (Sisak); Petru
1972: T. XCIII, 26 (Ljubljana); Sagadin 1979: 312,
313, T. 9, 15 (Ptuj); Unz & Deschler-Erb 1997:
32–34, T. 43, 1138–1163, T. 44, 1164–1182 (Vindonisa); Ritterling 1913: T. XI, 14, 20, 21 (Hofheim); Behrens 1912: 87, fig. 3, 15 (Mainz); Behrens 1918: 28, fig. 8, 1, 2 (Mainz); Oldenstein
1976: 211, 212, T. 74, 971 (Wiesbaden)
2. inv. no. H 1599, T. 1, 2; buckle; bronze, silver; 1st
cent.; height 2.5 cm, length 2.6 cm, thickness 0.4
cm; the buckle frame is semi-circular with ends
bent inward, the buckle cross-tie is indented where
the prong rests; there are two small holes on the
cross-tie through which the axis for the mount was
pulled; the cross-section of the semi-circular buckle frame is triangular, with a rib protruding on the
inside; the prong has not been preserved; the entire front portion of the buckle is plated with silver
Literature: see 1. inv. no.
3. inv. no. H 4453, T. 1, 3; buckle; bronze; 1st cent.;
height 3.4 cm, length 2.3 cm, thickness 0.4 cm;
the buckle frame is semi-circular with narrowed
168
Sanja IVČEVIĆ COMPONENTS OF ROMAN MILITARY EQUIPMENT FROM GARDUN
cm, debljina s trnom 0,7 cm; pravokutni okov na
jednom je kraju proširen i ukrašen urezima; sa
stražnje su strane četiri trna, na prednjoj strani
aplicirana je srebrena pločica
Literatura: Unz & Deschler-Erb 1997: 52, T. 69,
1984 (Vindonissa); Voirol 2000: 19, T. 9, 71, 73,
75–77 (Avenches); Oldenstein 1976: 191, 265, T.
59, 743 (Saalburg)
8. inv. br. H 2580, T. 1, 8; okov za remen pregače;
bronca; 1.st.; dužina 3,9 cm, visina 1,5 cm, debljina s trnom 0,7 cm; pravokutni okov na jednom je
kraju proširen i ukrašen urezima; sa stražnje su
strane četiri trna
Literatura: Unz & Deschler-Erb 1997: 52, T. 69,
1984 (Vindonissa); Voirol 2000: 19, T. 9, 71, 73,
75–77 (Avenches); Oldenstein 1976: 191, 265, T.
59, 743 (Saalburg)
9. inv. br. H 1832, T. 1, 9; okov za remen pregače;
bronca; 1. st.; dužina 2,7 cm, visina 1,6 cm, debljina s trnom 0,6 cm; pravokutni neukrašeni
okov; sa stražnje su strane četiri trna
Literatura: Unz & Deschler-Erb 1997: 52, T. 69,
1972 (Vindonissa); Voirol 2000: 19, T. 9, 71, 73,
75–77 (Avenches); Oldenstein 1976: T. 59, 743
(Saalburg)
10. inv. br. H 4898, T. 1, 10; amforasti pojasni jezičac; bronca; druga polovina 4. st., prva polovina
5. st.; visina 4,8 cm, širina 2,1 cm, debljina 0,2
cm; na sredini i s obje strane u gornjem dijelu
bubrežasti je proboj, a cijela površina prekrivena
je utisnutim koncentričnim kružnicama; sačuvan je samo jedan mali dio ušice za vješanje ili
zakovice
Literatura: Višić-Ljubić 1994: 227, 231, kat. br. 7
(Salona); Bullinger 1969: T. XII, 1, 1a (Salona);
T. XIII, 5, 5a (Carnuntum); Koščević 1991: 70,
T. XXVII, 379 (Sisak); Sagadin 1979: 315, T. 10,
4 (Ptuj), T. 10, 6 (Čepna); Burger 1969: sl. 116,
grob 270, 6 (Ságvár); Ožanić, Radman-Livaja &
Rendić-Miočević 2003: 30, 31, sl. 251 (nepoznato nalazište); Henderson 1949: 129, T. XXXVI,
112, 113 (Richborough); Behrens 1918: 28, sl. 8,
6 (Mainz); Buora 2002: 196, T. V, 53 (Aquileia)
11. inv. br. H 3671, T. 1, 11; amforasti pojasni jezičac; bronca; druga polovina 4. st., prva polovina
5. st.; visina 3,6 cm, širina 1,8 cm, debljina 0,1
cm; prednja strana ukrašena je urezanim koncentričnim kružnicama i valovitim linijama; vrh
jezičca je oštećen pa nije moguće ustvrditi je li se
učvršćivao vješanjem ili zakovicama
Literatura: Višić-Ljubić 1994: 227, 231, kat. br. 5
(Salona); Koščević 1991: 70, T. XXVII, 379 (Sisak); Burger 1969: sl. 107, grob 175, 1 (Ságvár);
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
169
ends bent inward; the ends of the cross-tie are
bent outward, and the central portion where the
prong would go is missing, while the small holes
for the axis are only visible in traces; the crosssection of the semi-circular buckle frame is triangular, with a rib protruding on the inside; the
prong has not been preserved
Literature: see 1. inv. no.
inv. no. H 6176, T. 1, 4; buckle; bronze, silver; 1st
cent.; height 3.1 cm, length 2.7 cm, thickness 0.4
cm; the buckle frame is semi-circular with ends
bent inward, the buckle cross-tie is indented
where the prong rests; there are two small holes
on the cross-tie through which the axis for the
ring was pulled; the cross-section of the semicircular buckle frame is semi-circular; the prong
has not been preserved, while remains of silver
plating have been preserved on the front
Literature: see 1. inv. no.
inv. no. H 1211, T. 1, 5; buckle tongue; bronze;
1st cent.; dimensions 3.4 x 2.4 cm; lily-shaped
prong; small holes missing
Literature: Petru 1972: T. XCV, 19, T. XCIII, 26
(Ljubljana); Unz & Deschler-Erb 1997: 36, T. 43,
1141, T, 44, 1178 (Vindonissa); Behrens 1918: 28,
fig. 8, 1 (Mainz)
inv. no. H 3217, T. 1, 6; buckle with button;
bronze; 1st cent.; height 2.1 cm, length 3.6 cm,
thickness 0.2 cm; the heart-shaped buckle frame
with two perforations in the form of a pelta;
there are two small holes on the cross-tie; the
prong is quite bent, and the button on its end
has not been preserved
Literature: Unz & Deschler-Erb 1997: 37, 38, T.
45, 1232 (Vindonissa); Behrens 1918, 28, fig. 9, 2
(Mainz); Voirol 2000: T. 9, 67 (Avenches)
inv. no. H 3674, T. 1, 7; mount for apron belt; bronze,
silver; 1st cent.; length 4.4 cm, height 1.6 cm, thickness with tack 0.7 cm; rectangular mount with
one end expanded and decorated with engravings;
four shanks on back, silver plate applied to front
Literature: Unz & Deschler-Erb 1997: 52, T. 69,
1984 (Vindonissa); Voirol 2000: 19, T. 9, 71, 73,
75–77 (Avenches); Oldenstein 1976: 191, 265, T.
59, 743 (Saalburg)
inv. no. H 2580, T. 1, 8; mount for apron strap;
bronze; 1st cent.; length 3.9 cm, height 1.5 cm,
thickness with tack 0.7 cm; rectangular mount
with one end expanded and decorated with engravings; four shanks on back
Literature: Unz & Deschler-Erb 1997: 52, T. 69,
1984 (Vindonissa); Voirol 2000: 19, T. 9, 71, 73,
75–77 (Avenches); Oldenstein 1976: 191, 265, T.
59, 743 (Saalburg)
Sanja IVČEVIĆ DIJELOVI OPREME RIMSKOG VOJNIKA IZ GARDUNA
Sagadin 1979: 315, T. 10, 4 (Ptuj), 6 (Čepna);
Ožanić, Radman-Livaja & Rendić-Miočević
2003: 30, 31, sl. 251 (nepoznato nalazište); Behrens 1914: 68, sl. 2, 6 (Mainz); Buora 2002: 196,
T. V, 51 (Aquileia)
12. inv. br. H 3035, T. 1, 12; amforasti pojasni jezičac; bronca; druga polovina 4. st., prva polovina
5. st.; visina 6 cm, širina 3,1 cm, debljina 0,2 cm;
prednja strana ukrašena je urezanim valovitim
linijama i završava kuglastim ukrasom; ušica je
izvedena lijevanjem; jezičac je bio dvodijelan;
okov nije sačuvan
Literatura: Sagadin 1979: 315, T. 10, 7 (Ptuj)
Kopče za oklop
13. inv. br. H 4439, T. 1, 13; kopča; bronca; 1. st.;
visina okvira 2 cm, dužina okvira 1,5 cm, visina
okova 1,5 cm, dužina okova 2,15 cm, dužina trna
1,7 cm; okvir kopče D-oblika, kružnog presjeka;
prema krajevima se stanjuje i ima otvore kroz
koje prolazi prečka na koju se vezuje okov kopče
tako da je presavijen preko prečke, a na sredini učvršćen zakovicom; na vanjskoj strani okova je raskovana ušica za povezivanje s drugim
okovom; trn se malo širi prema vrhu i lagano je
savijen
Literatura: Koščević 1991: 67, T. XXV, 362, 363
(Sisak); Nedved 1981: 180, sl. 8, 317 (Ivoševci);
Petru 1972: T. XXIX, grob 450, 22 (Ljubljana);
Ritterling 1913: T. XI, 12,13, 15–19 (Hofheim);
Behrens 1912, 87, sl. 3, 13 (Mainz); Behrens 1914,
68, sl. 2, 7, 8 (Mainz); Fingerlin 1970–1971: sl.
11, 8 (Dangstetten); Unz & Deschler-Erb 1997:
30, 31, T. 33, T. 34, 783–790 (Vindonissa); Unz
1972: sl. 4, 27 (Vindonissa)
14. inv. br. H 1601, T. 1, 14; kopča; bronca; 1. st.;
visina okvira 1,9 cm, dužina okvira 1,3 cm, visina
okova 1,5 cm, dužina 1,8 cm, dužina trna 1,5 cm;
okvir kopče D-oblika i kružnoga presjeka; prema
krajevima se stanjuje i ima otvore kroz koje prolazi prečka na koju se vezuje okov kopče tako da
je presavijen preko prečke, a na sredini učvršćen
zakovicom; na vanjskoj strani okova je raskovana ušica za povezivanje s drugim okovom kroz
koju je provučena prečka; trn se malo širi prema
vrhu i lagano je savijen
Literatura: vidi 13. inv. br.
15. inv. br. H 4202, T. 1, 15; kopča; bronca; 1. st.;
visina okvira 1,7 cm, dužina okvira 1,35 cm, visina prvog okova 1,35 cm, dužina prvog okova 2,2
cm, visina drugog okova 1,4 cm, dužina drugog
okova 2,1 cm, dužina trna 1,6 cm; okvir kopče
D-oblika i kružnoga presjeka; prema krajevima
se stanjuje i ima otvore kroz koje prolazi prečka
9. inv. no. H 1832, T. 1, 9; mount for apron strap;
bronze; 1st cent.; length 2.7 cm, height 1.6 cm,
thickness with tack 0,6 cm; rectangular undecorated mount; four shanks on back
Literature: Unz & Deschler-Erb 1997: 52, T. 69, 1972
(Vindonissa); Voirol 2000: 19, T. 9, 71, 73, 75–77
(Avenches); Oldenstein 1976: T. 59, 743 (Saalburg)
10. inv. no. H 4898, T. 1, 10; amphora-shaped strap
end; bronze; second half of 4th cent., first half of 5th
cent.; height 4.8 cm, width 2.1 cm, thickness 0.2 cm;
perforation in the form of a pelta in middle and on
both sides of upper portion; entire surface covered
with impressed concentric circles; only a small
part of the holes for hanging or rivets preserved
Literature: Višić-Ljubić 1994: 227, 231, cat. no.
7 (Salona); Bullinger 1969: T. XII, 1, 1a (Salona);
T. XIII, 5, 5a (Carnuntum); Koščević 1991: 70,
T. XXVII, 379 (Sisak); Sagadin 1979: 315, T. 10,
4 (Ptuj), T. 10, 6 (Čepna); Burger 1969: fig. 116,
grave 270, 6 (Ságvár); Ožanić, Radman-Livaja
& Rendić-Miočević 2003: 30, 31, fig. 251 (unknown site); Henderson 1949: 129, T. XXXVI,
112, 113 (Richborough); Behrens 1918: 28, fig. 8,
6 (Mainz); Buora 2002: 196, T. V, 53 (Aquileia)
11. inv. no. H 3671, T. 1, 11; amphora-shaped strap
end; bronze; second half of 4th cent., first half of 5th
cent.; height 3.6 cm, width 1.8 cm, thickness 0.1 cm;
front decorated with engraved concentric circles
and wavy lines; end damaged so whether it was fastened by hanging or rivets cannot be ascertained
Literature: Višić-Ljubić 1994: 227, 231, cat. no. 5
(Salona); Koščević 1991: 70, T. XXVII, 379 (Sisak);
Burger 1969: fig. 107, grave 175, 1 (Ságvár); Sagadin 1979: 315, T. 10, 4 (Ptuj), 6 (Čepna); Ožanić,
Radman-Livaja & Rendić-Miočević 2003: 30, 31,
fig. 251 (unknown site); Behrens 1914: 68, fig. 2,
6 (Mainz); Buora 2002: 196, T. V, 51 (Aquileia)
12. inv. no. H 3035, T. 1, 12; amphora-shaped strap
end; bronze; second half of 4th cent., first half of
5th cent.; height 6 cm, width 3.1 cm, thickness 0.2
cm; front decorated with engraved wavy lines,
ending with spherical decoration; small suspension loop made by casting; strap end was twopiece; mount not preserved
Literature: Sagadin 1979: 315, T. 10, 7 (Ptuj)
Armor buckle
13. inv. no. H 4439, T. 1, 13; buckle; bronze; 1st
cent.; frame height 2 cm, frame length 1.5 cm,
ring height 1.5 cm, ring length 2.15 cm, tongue
length 1.7 cm; D-shaped buckle frame with
round cross-section; becomes thinner at ends
and contains openings for cross-tie to which the
170
Sanja IVČEVIĆ COMPONENTS OF ROMAN MILITARY EQUIPMENT FROM GARDUN
na koju se vezuje okov kopče tako da je presavijen preko prečke; na vanjskoj strani okova dvije
su raskovane ušice kroz koje je provučena prečka; pomoću nje je učvršćen drugi okov koji ima
dva kružna otvora; trn se malo širi prema vrhu i
lagano je savijen
Literatura: vidi 13. inv. br.
Konjska oprema
16. inv. br. H 4049, T. 1, 16; okov za uzde; bronca; 1.
st.; dužina 5,2 cm, širina 1 cm, debljina s trnom
1 cm; krajevi okova su zaobljeni; prema sredini
se sužava, a potom širi; središnji je dio ukrašen
urezima i konkavnim udubljenjima; sa stražnje
strane na svakom je kraju po jedan trn za pričvršćivanje remena
Literatura: Unz & Deschler-Erb 1997: 47, T. 63,
1817 (Vindonissa); Ritterling 1913: 173, T. XIII,
20 (Hofheim); Voirol 2000: 26, T. 18, 78, 177
(Avenches)
17. inv. br. H 6175, T. 1, 17; okov za uzde; bronca;
1. st.; dužina 4,9 cm, širina 1,1 cm, debljina 0,3
cm; kružni probušeni krajevi okova koji se prema sredini širi; na sredini je krug sa središnjim
kružnim otvorom; okov je zakrivljen tako da je
sredina izdignuta
Literatura: Unz & Deschler-Erb 1997: 47, T. 63,
1809, T. 64, 1820 (Vindonissa); Behrens 1918:
28, sl. 8, 9 (Mainz); Ritterling 1913: 173, T. XIII,
16, 17 (Hofheim); Voirol 2000: 26, T. 18, 78, 178
(Avenches)
18. inv. br. H 4013, T. 1, 18; listoliko-srcoliki privjesak; bronca; druga polovina 1. st., početak 2.
st.; visina 4,9 cm, širina 2,3 cm, debljina 0,1 cm;
listoliki privjesak, neukrašen, kuglastoga završetka; ušica za vješanje nije sačuvana
Literatura: Šeparović 2003: 224, T. 5, 2 (Gardun);
Nedved 1981: 156, sl. 2, 71 (Ivoševci); Koščević
1991: 49, T. XIII, 204 (Sisak); Lawson 1978: 150,
sl. 9, 8 (Rottweil); Istenič 2000: 173, 172, T. 112,
grob 539, 8, (Ptuj); von Schnurbein 1983: sl. 8, 11
(Friedberg); Behrens 1912, 88, sl. 4, 16 (Mainz);
Unz & Deschler-Erb 1997: 41, 44, T. 55, 1504,
1511, 1512 (Vindonissa); Voirol 2000: 24, T. 13,
113 (Avenches)
19. inv. br. H 4617, T. 1, 19; trodijelni listoliki privjesak; bronca; druga polovina 1. st.; visina 7
cm, širina 6,3 cm, debljina 0,1 cm; na gornjem
dijelu privjeska dvije su perforacije u obliku pelte, a tvore ih i postranični krakovi koji se uvijaju
prema vanjskoj strani i ponovno spajaju s privjeskom; srednji krak završava u obliku palmete,
a postranični se sužavaju prema vrhu; prednja
buckle mount is connected such that it is bent
over the cross-tie, reinforced with rivet in the
middle; the outer side has forged small hole used
to connect it with other ring; the prong is slightly
wider at the tip and slightly bent
Literature: Koščević 1991: 67, T. XXV, 362, 363
(Sisak); Nedved 1981: 180, fig. 8, 317 (Ivoševci);
Petru 1972: T. XXIX, grave 450, 22 (Ljubljana);
Ritterling 1913: T. XI, 12,13, 15–19 (Hofheim);
Behrens 1912, 87, fig. 3, 13 (Mainz); Behrens
1914, 68, fig. 2, 7, 8 (Mainz); Fingerlin 1970–
1971: fig. 11, 8 (Dangstetten); Unz & DeschlerErb 1997: 30, 31, T. 33, T. 34, 783–790 (Vindonissa); Unz 1972: fig. 4, 27 (Vindonissa)
14. inv. no. H 1601, T. 1, 14; buckle; bronze; 1st cent.;
frame height 1.9 cm, frame length 1.3 cm, mount
height 1.5 cm, length 1.8 cm, tongue length 1.5 cm;
D-shaped buckle frame with round cross-section;
becomes thinner at ends and contains openings for
cross-tie to which the buckle mount is connected
such that it is bent over the cross-tie, reinforced
with rivet in the middle; the outer side has forged
small hole to connect it with the other mount
through which the cross-tie was pulled; the tongue
(prong) is slightly wider at the tip and slightly bent
Literature: see 13. inv. no.
15. inv. no. H 4202, T. 1, 15; buckle; bronze; 1st cent.;
frame height 1.7 cm, frame length 1.35 cm, height
of first ring 1.35 cm, length of first mount 2.2 cm,
height of second mount 1.4 cm, length of second
mount 2.1 cm, tongue length 1.6 cm; D-shaped
buckle frame with round cross-section; becomes
thinner at ends and contains openings for crosstie to which the buckle mount is connected such
that it is bent over the cross-tie; the outer side has
two forged small holes through which the crosstie was pulled; it helps fasten the other mount
which has two circular openings; the tongue
(prong) is slightly wider at the tip and slightly bent
Literature: see 13. inv. no.
Riding gear
16. inv. no. H 4049, T. 1, 16; mount for reins; bronze;
1st cent.; length 5.2 cm, width 1 cm, thickness
with tack 1 cm; the ends of the mount are rounded; it becomes narrow in the middle, and then
broadens; the middle is decorated with engravings and concave grooves; each end of the back
has one shank for fastening on the strap
Literature: Unz & Deschler-Erb 1997: 47, T. 63, 1817
(Vindonissa); Ritterling 1913: 173, T. XIII, 20 (Hofheim); Voirol 2000: 26, T. 18, 78, 177 (Avenches)
17. inv. no. H 6175, T. 1, 17; mount for reins; bronze;
1st cent.; length 4.9 cm, width 1.1 cm, thickness
171
Sanja IVČEVIĆ DIJELOVI OPREME RIMSKOG VOJNIKA IZ GARDUNA
strana ukrašena je urezanim vegetacijskim motivima, a uz rub točkastim linijama; na nekoliko mjesta vidljivi su ostaci posrebrenja; na vrhu
privjeska je ušica koja je služila za učvršćivanje
privjeska na faleru
Analogije: Šeparović 2003; 243, T. 5, 2 (Gardun); Ivčević 2004: 237, 241, sl. 9 (Narona); Petru 1972: T. XCV, 21 (Ljubljana); Unz & Deschler-Erb 1997: T. 51, 1384 (Vindonissa); Dixon
& Southern 1992: 69, sl. 38 (Rottweil); Lawson
1978: 15, sl. 9, 7, 8 (Newstead); Koščević 1992:
49, T. XV, 220 (Sisak); Boube-Piccot 1964: 159,
sl. 1, 6 (Tarragona); Mackensen 1991: 174, sl. 4, 4
(Magdalensberg); Ritterling 1913: 178, T. XII, 37
(Hofheim)
20. inv. br. H 6178, T. 1, 20; listoliki privjesak; bronca; 1. st.; visina 3,7 cm, širina 1,1 cm, debljina 0,1
cm; rubovi privjeska su valoviti, a sa svake strane
uz rub tri su kružna otvora; na dnu je kuglasti
završetak; prednja strana ukrašena je urezanim
linijama; ušica za vješanje napravljena je savijanjem žice
Literatura: Nedved 1981: 156, sl. 2, 67 (Ivoševci);
Unz & Deschler-Erb 1997: 47, T. 55, 1524 (Vindonissa); Behrens 1914: 68, sl. 2, 20 (Mainz), Unz
1972: 47, sl. 6, 63 (Vindonissa)
21. inv. br. H 6180, T. 2, 21; listoliki privjesak; bronca; 1. st.; visina 1,4 cm, širina 1,3 cm, debljina 0,1
cm; ulomak privjeska; sačuvan je kuglasti završetak i dio donjeg dijela na kojem je vidljivo da je
privjesak imao kružne otvore uz rub te valovite
rubove
Literatura: vidi 20. inv. br.
22. inv. br. H 6179, T. 2, 22; listoliki privjesak; bronca; 1. st.; visina 4,3 cm, širina 0,9 cm, debljina 0,
15 cm; rubovi su valoviti, a prednja strana ukrašena je urezanim linijama i točkama; ima kuglasti
završetak; ušica je napravljena savijanjem žice
Literatura: Unz & Deschler-Erb 1997: 47, T. 56,
1533 (Vindonissa)
23. inv. br. H 2482, T. 2, 23; listoliki privjesak; bronca; 1. st.; visina 4,8 cm, širina 1,25 cm, debljina
0,1 cm; rubovi su valoviti i ukrašeni koncentričnim kružnicama, a prednja strana ukrašena je
urezanim linijama; u donjem dijelu privjesak je
raskovan u obliku romba i završava kuglastim
ukrasom; ušica je nastala savijanjem žice
Literatura: Unz & Deschler-Erb 1997: 47, T. 56,
1537 (Vindonissa)
Oružje
24. inv. br. H 6174., T. 2, 24; vrh sulice za katapult;
željezo; prve dvije trećine 1. st.; dužina 7,6 cm,
0.3 cm; circular perforated ends of the mount
widen toward the middle; the middle contains a
circle with a central circular opening; the mount
is bent so that the middle is raised
Literature: Unz & Deschler-Erb 1997: 47, T. 63,
1809, T. 64, 1820 (Vindonissa); Behrens 1918: 28,
fig. 8, 9 (Mainz); Ritterling 1913: 173, T. XIII, 16, 17
(Hofheim); Voirol 2000: 26, T. 18, 78, 178 (Avenches)
18. inv. no. H 4013, T. 1, 18; leaf-/heart shaped pendant; bronze; second half of 1st cent., beginning of
2nd cent.; height 4.9 cm, width 2.3 cm, thickness
0.1 cm; leaf-shaped pendant, undecorated, spherical end; small suspension loop not preserved
Literature: Šeparović 2003: 224, T. 5, 2 (Gardun);
Nedved 1981: 156, fig. 2, 71 (Ivoševci); Koščević
1991: 49, T. XIII, 204 (Sisak); Lawson 1978: 150, fig.
9, 8 (Rottweil); Istenič 2000: 173, 172, T. 112, grave
539, 8, (Ptuj); von Schnurbein 1983: fig. 8, 11 (Friedberg); Behrens 1912, 88, fig. 4, 16 (Mainz); Unz &
Deschler-Erb 1997: 41, 44, T. 55, 1504, 1511, 1512
(Vindonissa); Voirol 2000: 24, T. 13, 113 (Avenches)
19. inv. no. H 4617, T. 1, 19; three-piece leaf-shaped
pendant; bronze; second half of 1st cent.; height
7 cm, width 6.3 cm, thickness 0.1 cm; the upper portion of the pendant has two pelta-shaped
perforations formed by lateral tendrils that twist
outward and then reconnect with the pendant;
the middle tendril ends in a palmette, while the
lateral tendrils narrow toward the top; the front
is decorated with engraved plant motifs and
with dotted lines along the edge; the remains of
silver plating are visible at several places; there is
a small loop at the top of the pendant that served
to fasten it to the phalera
Analogies: Šeparović 2003; 243, T. 5, 2 (Gardun);
Ivčević 2004: 237, 241, fig. 9 (Narona); Petru
1972: T. XCV, 21 (Ljubljana); Unz & Deschler-Erb
1997: T. 51, 1384 (Vindonissa); Dixon & Southern
1992: 69, fig. 38 (Rottweil); Lawson 1978: 15, fig.
9, 7, 8 (Newstead); Koščević 1992: 49, T. XV, 220
(Sisak); Boube-Piccot 1964: 159, fig. 1, 6 (Tarragona); Mackensen 1991: 174, fig. 4, 4 (Magdalensberg); Ritterling 1913: 178, T. XII, 37 (Hofheim)
20. inv. no. H 6178, T. 1, 20; leaf-shaped pendant;
bronze; 1st cent.; height 3.7 cm, width 1.1 cm,
thickness 0.1 cm; the edges of the pendant are
undulating, with three circular openings on each
side along the edge; there is a spherical end at
the bottom; the front is decorated with engraved
lines; the loop for hanging is made from bent wire
Literature: Nedved 1981: 156, fig. 2, 67 (Ivoševci);
Unz & Deschler-Erb 1997: 47, T. 55, 1524 (Vindonissa); Behrens 1914: 68, fig. 2, 20 (Mainz),
Unz 1972: 47, fig. 6, 63 (Vindonissa)
172
Sanja IVČEVIĆ COMPONENTS OF ROMAN MILITARY EQUIPMENT FROM GARDUN
dužina glave 5,2 cm, dužina trna 2,4 cm, debljina glave u najširem dijelu 1,3 cm, debljina trna u
najširem dijelu 0,4 cm, težina 40 g; glava i trn su
četvrtastoga presjeka, trn je nešto širi u dijelu uz
glavu, a glava je izduženog piramidalnog oblika;
vrh je zaravnjen
Literatura: Zanier 1994: 589, sl. 2 (Oberammergau); Unz & Deschler-Erb 1997: 9, 24, T. 22, 431–
458 (Vindonissa); Radman-Livaja 2001: 135, T.
3,5 (Sisak); Sivec 1997: 146, T. 1,6 (Ljubljana);
Tudor 1964: 241, T. 3, 17, 18 (Racari), Roma sul
Danubio 2002: 245, IV a, 125 (Aquilea); Behrens
1912: 9, sl. 6, 41 (Mainz); Harnecker 1997: 34, 93,
T. 79, 848, 849 (Haltern); Ritterling 1913: 160, T.
XVII, 26, 28 (Hofheim); James, Taylor 1994: 94,
fig.1 (Qasr Ibrim)
25. inv. br. H 6010; T. 2, 25; vrh strijele; željezo; 6.
st.; dužina 8,6 cm, dužina glave 3,9 cm, dužina
tuljca 4,7 cm, širina tuljca 0,9 cm, širina glave 1,6
cm, težina 20 g; strelica s tuljcem za nasad; rombična glava plosnatog je presjeka
Literatura: Bekić 1998: T. 2,8 (Gardun); Sivec
1997: T. 1, 1 (Ljubljana); Unz & Deschler-Erb
1997: 23, 24, T. 361, 362 (Vindonissa); Harnecker
1997: 4, 91, T. 77, 812, 814 (Haltern); Behrens &
Brenner 1911: sl. 28, 7 (Mainz); Henderson 1949:
152,153, T. LIX, 293 (Richborough); Galliazzo
1979: 210, 211, sl. 92, 9 (Treviso); Voirol 2000:
11, T. 537 (Avenches)
26. inv. br. H 5995; T. 2, 26; vrh koplja; željezo; 6. st.;
dužina 29,2 cm, dužina tuljca 11,5 cm, dužina
vrha 17, 7 cm, promjer tuljca u najširem dijelu
2,2 cm, širina vrha u najširem dijelu 3,6 cm, težina 155 g; rubovi vrha su oštećeni, a uzdužno
rebro snažno istaknuto
Literatura: Fingerlin 1970–1971: T. 14, 3 (Dangstetten); Ritterling 1913: T. XVII, 11 (Hofheim);
Harnecker 1997: 90, T. 75, 800, 804 (Haltern);
Behrens & Brenner 1911: 115, sl. 28, 4 (Mainz);
Fisher 1973: sl. 43, 1 (Hedderheim); Henderson
1949: 152, P. LVIII, 287 (Richborough); Roma sul
Danubio 2002: 231, IVa.11 (Carnuntum); Reddé
& von Schnurbein 1995: 145, fig. 35, 10, 12, 13
(Alésia); Unz & Deschler-Erb 1997: 20, 21, T. 16,
255–258, 17, 262–269 (Vindonissa); Petru 1972:
T. XC, 1.
za uporabu u kasnoj antici: Chadwick Hawkes &
Clough Dunning 1962–1963: T. 7, 7,8 (Richborough); Milošević 1998: 230, 374 (Blajići, Krušvar)
27. inv. br. H 5996; T. 2, 27; vrh koplja; željezo; antika; dužina 22,4 cm, dužina tuljca 8,5 cm, dužina
vrha 13,9 cm, promjer tuljca 1,4 cm, širina vrha
u najširem dijelu 3,3 cm, težina 75 g; tuljac za
nasad je prilično oštećen i nedostaje mu jedan
21. inv. no. H 6180, T. 2, 21; leaf-shaped pendant;
bronze; 1st cent.; height 1.4 cm, width 1.3 cm,
thickness 0.1 cm; pendant fragment; the spherical
ending and lower portion have been preserved,
which indicate that the pendant had circular
openings along the edge and undulating edges
Literature: 20. inv. no.
22. inv. no. H 6179, T. 2, 22; leaf-shaped pendant;
bronze; 1st cent.; height 4.3 cm, width 0.9 cm,
thickness 0.15 cm; edges are undulating, while
the front is decorated with engraved lines and
dots; spherical ending; loop made of bent wire
Literature: Unz & Deschler-Erb 1997: 47, T. 56,
1533 (Vindonissa)
23. inv. no. H 2482, T. 2, 23; leaf-shaped pendant;
bronze; 1st cent.; height 4.8 cm, width 1.25 cm, thickness 0.1 cm; the edges are undulating and decorated
with concentric circles, while the front is decorated with engraved lines; the pendant is forged into
rhomboid form at its lower portion and ends in a
spherical decoration; the loop is made of bent wire
Literature: Unz & Deschler-Erb 1997: 47, T. 56,
1537 (Vindonissa)
Weapons
24. inv. no. H 6174., T. 2, 24; tanged projectil head;
iron; first sixty years of 1st cent.; length 7.6 cm,
length of head 5,2 cm, length of tang 2.4 cm,
thickness of head at broadest point 1.3 cm, thickness of tang at broadest point 0.4 cm, weight 40
g; head and tang have rectangular cross-section,
tang is somewhat wider at section along head;
head has elongated pyramidal form; tip is straight
Literature: Zanier 1994: 589, fig. 2 (Oberammergau); Unz & Deschler-Erb 1997: 9, 24, T. 22,
431–458 (Vindonissa); Radman-Livaja 2001: 135,
T. 3,5 (Sisak); Sivec 1997: 146, T. 1,6 (Ljubljana);
Tudor 1964: 241, T. 3, 17, 18 (Racari), Roma sul
Danubio 2002: 245, IV a, 125 (Aquilea); Behrens
1912: 9, fig. 6, 41 (Mainz); Harnecker 1997: 34,
93, T. 79, 848, 849 (Haltern); Ritterling 1913:
160, T. XVII, 26, 28 (Hofheim); James & Taylor
1994: 94, fig.1 (Qasr Ibrim)
25. inv. no. H 6010; T. 2, 25; arrowhead; iron; 6th cent.;
length 8.6 cm, length of head 3.9 cm, length of
socketed shaft 4.7 cm, width of shaft 0.9 cm, width
of head 1.6 cm, weight 20 g; arrow with socketed
shaft; rhomboid head with flat cross-section
Literature: Bekić 1998: T. 2,8 (Gardun); Sivec
1997: T. 1, 1 (Ljubljana); Unz & Deschler-Erb
1997: 23, 24, T. 361, 362 (Vindonissa); Harnecker 1997: 4, 91, T. 77, 812, 814 (Haltern); Behrens
& Brenner 1911: fig. 28, 7 (Mainz); Henderson
1949: 152,153, T. LIX, 293 (Richborough); Gal-
173
Sanja IVČEVIĆ DIJELOVI OPREME RIMSKOG VOJNIKA IZ GARDUNA
dio; listolikog je oblika i uzduž vrha jedva je vidljivo rebro
Literatura: vidi 26. inv. br.
28. inv. br. H 5998; T. 2, 28; vrh koplja; željezo; antika; dužina 20, 2 cm, dužina tuljca 7,3 cm, dužina
vrha 12,9 cm, promjer tuljca u najširem dijelu 1,5
cm, širina vrha u najširem dijelu 2,1 cm, težina
60 g; tuljac za nasad je oštećen, a vrh je listolikog
oblika s rebrom na sredini
Literatura: vidi 26. inv. br.
29. inv. br. H 6011; T. 2, 29; pojačanje dna koplja;
željezo; antika; visina 9,2 cm, širina 3,3 cm; dno
koplja u obliku je tuljca; na mjestu gdje je tuljac
spojen uzduž nalazi se prorez
Literatura: Šeparović 2003: 237, 238, T. 3, 2 (Gardun); Bekić 1998: 235, T. 2, 9 (Gardun); Harnecker 1997: 92, T. 78, 825 (Haltern); Behrens &
Brenner 1911: 115, sl. 28, 18 (Mainz); Sivec 1997:
146, T.10 (Ljubljana); Unz & Deschler- Erb 1997:
21, T. 18, 301 (Vindonissa)
30. inv. br. H 4911; T. 2, 30; trnokop; željezo; 1. st.;
dužina 47 cm, dužina sječiva sjekire 13,4 cm,
otvor za nasad drške 5 x 3,5 cm, težina 1900 g;
rupa za nasad drške je ovalna; s jedne je strane
blago povijeni trn, a s druge raskovana sjekira u
obliku trapeza
Literatura: Šeparović 2003: 223, T. 4,1 (Gardun);
Hoffiller 1910/1911: 174, sl. 17 (Sisak); Pietsch
1983: 16, 17, T. 3, 45 (Saalburg)
liazzo 1979: 210, 211, fig. 92, 9 (Treviso); Voirol
2000: 11, T. 537 (Avenches)
26. inv. no. H 5995; T. 2, 26; spearhead; iron; 6th
cent.; length 29.2 cm, length of shaft 11.5 cm,
length of top 17.7 cm, diameter of shaft at broadest point 2.2 cm, width of top at broadest point
3.6 cm, weight 155 g; edges of top are damaged,
while lengthwise rib is very marked
Literature: Fingerlin 1970–1971: T. 14, 3 (Dangstetten); Ritterling 1913: T. XVII, 11 (Hofheim);
Harnecker 1997: 90, T. 75, 800, 804 (Haltern); Behrens & Brenner 1911: 115, fig. 28, 4 (Mainz); Fisher 1973: fig. 43, 1 (Hedderheim); Henderson 1949:
152, P. LVIII, 287 (Richborough); Roma sul Danubio 2002: 231, IVa.11 (Carnuntum); Reddé & von
Schnurbein 1995: 145, fig. 35, 10, 12, 13 (Alésia);
Unz & Deschler-Erb 1997: 20, 21, T. 16, 255–258,
17, 262–269 (Vindonissa); Petru 1972: T. XC, 1.
for use in Late Antiquity: Chadwick Hawkes &
Clough Dunning 1962–1963: T. 7, 7,8 (Richborough); Milošević 1998: 230, 374 (Blajići, Krušvar)
27. inv. no. H 5996; T. 2, 27; spearhead; iron; Classical Antiquity; length 22.4 cm, length of shaft 8.5
cm, length of point 13.9 cm, diameter of shaft
1.4 cm, width of top at broadest point 3.3 cm,
weight 75 g; the socketed shaft is quite damaged
and part of it is missing; it is leaf-shaped and all
along the top there is a barely visible rib
Literature: see 26. inv. no.
28. inv. no. H 5998; T. 2, 28; spearhead; iron; Classical
Antiquity; length 20.2 cm, length of shaft 7.3 cm,
length of point 12.9 cm, diameter of shaft at broadest point 1.5 cm, width of top at broadest point 2.1
cm, weight 60 g; the socketed shaft is damaged,
while the top is leaf-shaped with a rib in the middle
Literature: see 26. inv. no.
29. inv. no. H 6011; T. 2, 29; reinforcement at bottom
of spear; iron; Classical Antiquity; height 9.2 cm,
width 3.3 cm; cylindrical bottom of spear; there
is a slot where the shaft is connect lengthwise
Literature: Šeparović 2003: 237, 238, T. 3, 2 (Gardun); Bekić 1998: 235, T. 2, 9 (Gardun); Harnecker 1997: 92, T. 78, 825 (Haltern); Behrens
& Brenner 1911: 115, fig. 28, 18 (Mainz); Sivec
1997: 146, T.10 (Ljubljana); Unz & Deschler-Erb
1997: 21, T. 18, 301 (Vindonissa)
30. inv. no. H 4911; T. 2, 30; pickaxe; iron; 1st cent.;
length 47 cm, length of axe blade 13.4 cm, opening for handle slot 5 x 3.5 cm, weight 1900 g; the
hole for the handle is oval; one side is a slightly
bent pick, the other is a forged trapezoidal axe
Literature: Šeparović 2003: 223, T. 4,1 (Gardun);
Hoffiller 1910/1911: 174, fig. 17 (Sisak); Pietsch
1983: 16, 17, T. 3, 45 (Saalburg)
174
Sanja IVČEVIĆ COMPONENTS OF ROMAN MILITARY EQUIPMENT FROM GARDUN
KRATICE/ABBREVIATIONS
Roma sul Danubio 2002
M. Buora & W. Jobst (ed.): Da Aquileia a Carnuntum lungo la via dell’ambra (Catalogi e
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Burger 1969
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Dixon & Southern 1992
Fisher 1973
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